经济自然学家The Economic Naturalist:In Search of Explanations for Everyday azw3 极速 lit 地址 下载 rb pdf mobi

Why do the keypads on drive-up cash machines have Braille dots? Why are round-trip fares from Orlando to Kansas City higher than those from Kansas City to Orlando? For decades, Robert Frank has been asking his economics students to pose and answer questions like these as a way of learning how economic principles operate in the real world-which they do everywhere, all the time. Once you learn to think like an economist, all kinds of puzzling observations start to make sense. Drive-up ATM keypads have Braille dots because it’s cheaper to make the same machine for both drive-up and walk-up locations. Travelers from Kansas City to Orlando pay less because they are usually price-sensitive tourists with many choices of destination, whereas travelers originating from Orlando typically choose Kansas City for specific family or business reasons. The Economic Naturalist employs basic economic principles to answer scores of intriguing questions from everyday life, and, along the way, introduces key ideas such as the cost-benefit principle, the “no cash on the table” principle, and the law of one price. This is as delightful and painless a way to learn fundamental economics as there is.

Acknowledgments

Introduction

1 Rectangular Milk Cartons and Cylindrical Soda Cans: The Economics of Product Design

2 Free Peanuts and Expensive Batteries: Supply and Demand in Action

3 Why Equally Talented Workers Often Earn Different Salaries and Other Mysteries of the World of Work

4 Why Some Buyers Pay More Than Others: The Economics of Discount Pricing

5 Arms Races and the Tragedy of the Commons

6 The Myth of Ownership

7 Decoding Marketplace Signals

8 The Economic Naturalist Hits the Road

9 Psychology Meets Economics

10 The Informal Market for Personal Relationships

11 Two Originals

Parting Thoughts

Notes

Index

Robert H. Frank is the Henrietta Johnson Louis Professor of Management and Professor of Economics at Cornell University’s Johnson Graduate School of Management. His “Economic Scene” column appears monthly in the New York Times. His previous books inclu

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不管是过去，还是未来，赚取真正财富的唯一方式，仍然是天赋、勤俭、幸运，再加上艰苦的劳动。

机会成本

了解过去完成虚拟时态并不是件坏事。可如果你的目标是学会说一门新语言，那么与其把时间和精力花在学习这时态的精确细节上，还不如做点其他的。对学生来说，以学习这种细节为重点的课程一点都不好玩，而且这种课程效率低得可怕。

我高中学过4年西班牙语，大学上过3个学期德语课。在这些课程中，我花了很多时间学习导师觉得重要的各类语法，但没学怎么对话。我到西班牙和德国旅行，连跟别人沟通些基本想法都觉得艰难。不少朋友也有过类似的经历。

后来，我志愿参加和平队到尼泊尔出发前的训练让我第一次意识到，学习语言还有一种更有效的方式。训练项目只有13周，跟我之前上的那些语言课完全不一样。它提都没提什么过去完成虚拟时态，它的任务是教会我们说尼泊尔语。要完成这一目标，掌握神秘的时态并不是必经之途，它采用的是模仿婴儿学说母语的方法。

开始，讲师拿出一些简单的句子，让我们反复朗读。第一句是：“这顶帽子贵。”在尼泊尔买东西，随时都要讨价还价，所以这是一个很有用的句子。第二步是换一个名词，比如袜子，我们必须用尼泊尔语做出反应：“这双袜子贵。”这里的目标是让我们不假思索就能做出回答。

简而言之，讲师从常见语境中找个简单的例子，让我们反复朗读几次，然后稍加变化，再反复朗读。等我们能在当前程度上进行对话时，他们再教更深的内容。

训练项目的职责是确保我们学完13周就能靠自己生活。志愿者同伴和我到尼泊尔后不久，就要教自然和数学切从零开始，我们居然办到了。在整个过程中，我体会到了一种在传统语言学习班上从未曾感受过的主动感。

所以，我首先要感谢多年前我的尼泊尔语老师，是他们打开了我对学习效率问题的眼界，使我明白了何谓“教得少，学得多”。在后来的十多年里，学生们和我都发现，这一方法同样适用于学习经济学的核心概念。

在大多数经济学概论课上，学生们把大量时间用在了掌握经济学里...

亚当斯密的补偿性工资差别理论指出，一件工作越叫人不愉快、风险越大、报酬越可观。所以，一些报酬极优厚的工作，最适合的人选是那些愿意做缺德事的人。

·非正式的社交关系市场，也要受支配其他市场行为的供求逻辑所影响。

·每个人在婚配这一非正式市场上的购买力，取决于该人天生的个人特点。

·没有契约式的承诺所提供的安全感，很多宝贵的交易就做不成。

没有免费的午餐原则提醒我们，要小心提防那些太过美好的机遇--因为太美好了，反倒不像是真的。

一家公司的最大价值，并不在于它可能在多大程度上提高生产率，而在于它到底创造了多少利润。

从长远的角度来看，新技术所节省下来的成本，并不会给生产者带来更高的利润，而是降低了产品的价格，使消费者受惠。

人们做出诚实的行为，不仅是因为害怕受惩罚，还因为要受同情和愧疚等道德情感的推动。

经济学告诉我们，如果想要理解人们在经济活动中实际所做的选择，必须时人类的动机加以更细致的分析。

从理论上来说，现金奖励胜过同等价位的其他奖品。可人们往往偏好其他形式的奖励。

书籍介绍

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Why do the keypads on drive-up cash machines have Braille dots? Why are round-trip fares from Orlando to Kansas City higher than those from Kansas City to Orlando? For decades, Robert Frank has been asking his economics students to pose and answer questions like these as a way of learning how economic principles operate in the real world-which they do everywhere, all the time. Once you learn to think like an economist, all kinds of puzzling observations start to make sense. Drive-up ATM keypads have Braille dots because it’s cheaper to make the same machine for both drive-up and walk-up locations. Travelers from Kansas City to Orlando pay less because they are usually price-sensitive tourists with many choices of destination, whereas travelers originating from Orlando typically choose Kansas City for specific family or business reasons. The Economic Naturalist employs basic economic principles to answer scores of intriguing questions from everyday life, and, along the way, introduces key ideas such as the cost-benefit principle, the “no cash on the table” principle, and the law of one price. This is as delightful and painless a way to learn fundamental economics as there is.